Comparing Levine Conservation Model And Neuman System Model

Comparing Levine Conservation Model And Neuman System Model Introduction Since Florence Nightingale introduced Nursing profession, it is continuously evolving in order fit in modernized world. The outgrowth profession propels it into scientific enquiry, and diverted towards evidence base practice. All these artistic ideas draw bases for using theatrical framework. Although first theoretical framework was introduced by Florence Nightingale entitled as environmental theory to promote health of individual after the experience solders care during Crimean war (Florence Nightingale, 1860). Utilization of theories becomes more common, since nursing professional practice as it expand towards higher educational degrees, and get enrolled in administration and research fields. Up to date many theories are introduced. This paper presents the LCM perspective including the assumption, characteristic of concepts, sub concepts, and their statement of relationship. This paper then gives a brief review of NSM. Following this the paper will present compares and contrast for LCM theory and NSM perspectives including main concepts, nursing intervention and outcomes with practical application of interventions of each model. I select Levine Conservation Model as its nursing goal focus to achieve health for person using careful assessment and nursing intervention and matched to Neuman system model. Moreover this model was used in variety of setting including hospital and community. Few applications of LCM includes: Promotion for preterm Infants (Mefford, 2004), Ostomy wound management (Leach, 2009). Levines Conservational Model (LCM) perspective Myra Levine was the nurse to whom Loyola University president awarded the title of renaissance woman as an appreciation for using vast knowledge in nursing care (Alligood, 2010 Tomey). She developed conservation theoretical framework, as an attempt to teach medical surgical nursing concepts to undergraduate nursing students and to provide a new approach to associate degree students for daily nursing activities in 1973 (George, 2002; Alligood, 2010) by influencing scientific knowledge that she gained from Canon; fight and flight response, Selyes, stress work, and Gibsons, perception of environment. The goal of this theory was to promote adaptation and maintain wholeness using the principles of conservation (George, 2010). LCM framework constructed on three major concepts and few sub concepts the major concepts are explained explicitly but the sub concepts are remain implicit. Following section of paper will explain the major concepts and sub concept embedding within major concepts. The major concepts that form the basis of conservation Model are; conservation of energy, adaptation and wholeness, among these the conservation of energy considered most important. Levine (1971), describe conservation with four principles these includes; conservation of energy, conservation of the structural integrity, conservation of the personal integrity, and the conservation of the social integrity, of the individuals. Levine (1971) further says understanding of all these principles will help nurse as to keep living system together which promote wholeness. The first principle of energy conservation, depend on environmental stimuli that often become source for loss of energy consequently disequilibrium of whole. LCM talks internal and external environment. In internal environment includes physiological (temperature, blood pressure) and altered physiological process. Then she split external environment into three levels, off these three first is perceptual, take account of the individuals sense of world, second level in cooperate physical aspect such as microorganisms, and third level is conceptual and which is comprise of cultural pattern symbolized by way of life. While caring patient Levine emphasize nurse to assess individuals response and capability for adjusting with both environmental situations and help accordingly (Alligood Tomey, 2010). The second principle of conservation relates to structural integrity and focus on defense ability of the body, which nurse can recognize from functional abilities challenged by internal and ext ernal environment. Then the third principle conservation of personal integrity deals with personal protection by promotion of self actualization. The last principle; conservation of social integrity refers persons family, friends, community, and society which could be achieved using the nurses role by assisting in religious activities and using of interpersonal relationship (George, 2002; Alligood, 2010). The second concept in conservation theory is adaptation. Levine (1966) view adaptation as physiological and behavioral responses of individuals that changes as a result of internal and external environmental interaction to achieve balance in life. In Levine (1966) view a successful adaptation helps to achieve personal integrity consequently will helps person to move towards wholism. However in case of unsuccessful adaptation nurse can help individuals to achieve balance by promoting the environmental cleanliness, safety, and com-fort, both physical and mental. Furthermore George (2002) proposes three characteristics adaption process that appear implicit as sub concepts. These are historicity that focus the way of dealing life situation in past and the second specificity includes pattern of personal and genetic forces used to conserve energy The third sub concept that helps to assess adaptation is redundancy, means fail-safe bodys process available for survival. In LCM the third concept is wholeness, refers the health which is the pattern of wellbeing, and integrity. Well being is the goal of adaptive change (Alligood, 2010) All together the conservation of energy concept is viewed as an outcome, adaptation as process to achieve wholeness (see Appendix A for concept and sub concept). Neuman System Model (NSM) Review The NSM introduced by Betty in 1971, Known as identification stressors and management stress model. The aim of model was to promote the stability (health) in individual. This model is considered unique in nature as it uses the knowledge from various disciplines. The important one includes, general system theory which reflects the nature of living organism as an open system, but also incorporates knowledge from Selyes stress theory, Gestalt theory: of homeostasis, deChardin Philosophy wholeness of life and Caplans Conceptual Model of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Levels of Prevention. NSM perspective is based on assumptions that are enclosed in four nursing paradigm these are person, environment, health and nursing. NSM perspective focused to assess stressors with its degree of reaction and promote health by using three level of prevention as nursing intervention. The central view starts from wholeness of person (consist of individual, family or community group) represent within boundaries of defense circles. Of these boundaries outer one is flexible line of defense (FLD), next to this is normal line of defense (NLD) following this there is line of resistance. Each of these boundaries viewed as a composite of physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual variables. The function of these boundaries is to protect person from environmental stressor as person is constantly interact environmental stressors consist of intra, inter and extra-personal. Then environment viewed as internal, external and created. Health is denoted as stability, con sidered as dynamic in nature which can be achieved by successfully adjusting to environmental stressors. On other hand system is challenged by environmental situation despite of using energy in other means the three types of defense lines that exist around client, considered as protective barriers fails to protect system from stressors. The state then recognized as illness, which can be reconstituted by using of three level of prevention as nursing intervention that are used to strengthen the three lines of defense (George, 2002; Alligood Tomey 2010). For further understanding of concepts (see NSM in Appendix B). Compare and Contrast for NSM and LCM Completing the review of LCM and NSM, now this section will compare and contrast these models from the perspective of background, nursing goal, major concepts including nursing intervention. Starting from the background, both the models are developed by American nurses who had different background. Levine was from medical surgical and Betty Neuman belonged to psychiatric nursing. Both model published in 1973. And both used the knowledge from various disciplines, in which Selyes stress work is common. Including all above, both model set to achieve goal of health for individuals, families, communities, and populations at large using some similar and some different concepts, pattern of assessment and nursing interventions. Coming towards major concepts it is observed from literature (George, 2002; Alligood, 2010; Alligood Tomey, 2010) that LCM consist few simple concepts (see Appendix A) but NSM comprise of many complex concepts (see Appendix B). Upcoming few paragraphs will present co mpare and contrast for few major concepts that are common and take central place in each theoretical model. Wholeness Both, NSM LCM uses the concept of wholeness very explicitly attaching with component of person, environment, health, and nursing. Within NSM wholeness in connection to person viewed in link of five variables physiological, consist of structure of body and its function psychological, comprise of mental processes and internal and external environmental effects, socio-cultural, and include cultural aspects developmental, seen with stages of ages and spiritual beliefs and influences. In contrast LCM considers person as complete whole in the view of physiological variable only. But also includes patho-physiological condition as an assessment indicator. Following this Neuman and Levine both also see wholeness as a product of internal and external environmental interactions. This means all individuals are constantly interacting with internal and external environment and adjustment with its challenges, keeps person integrated whole, and failure takes person towards illness. As Alligood Tom ey (2010) state wholeness is viewed as oneness and described as integrity of person Furthermore Alligood (2010) Wholeness is health (p. 214). Next wholeness with nursing component is emphasized as an approach of assessment and consider for promotion. Assessing wholestic approach suggests including client variable in assessment. NSM include five variable, therefore it is believed that this model allow for comprehensive assessment. Opposite to this LCM focus on physiological including path- physiological condition, seems simple but set limitation and may leaves gaps in assessment. Coming to promotion of wholeness NSM include nursing intervention with three level of prevention. Reverse to this LCM model use conservation principle As Mefford,(2004) show example by health promotion for preterm infants. Conservation NSM take energy conservation concept viewed as a process of helping in promoting wholeness but presented in an implicit way using the term negentrophy and does not stand as central idea. In NSM energy and conservation of energy refers persons genetic makeup, strength and weakness and maintained in view of line of defense. Neuman 2002, 1995, 1989, 1982) cites negentrophy [is] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a process of energy conservation (Alligood, Tomey 2010, p.312). The characteristic of variable can boost the energy sources. But it could deplete if line of resistance fail to protect the basic energy resources, which may cause illness consequently death. Comparing to this in Levine model conservation concept appear as central phenomenon and it forms bases for its framework. Todaro-Franceschi (2001) state Levine defines conservation as keeping together. She use these words as she see person as patient who requires help to store energy. Furthermore Levine (1967) cites that all of fundamentally lif es processes dependent upon the production and expenditure of energy (Todaro-Franceschi, 2001). Furthermore Levine believes safeguard of energy sources is necessary to maintain the integrity of individuals and consequently health. To make its implication simple Levine gave four principle of conservation; these include conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and the social integrity (George, 2002). Although both the model sees conservation of energy in deferent way, do invites nurse to study the characteristic of energy provide guide to plan appropriate activities for its conservation. Adaptation Again NSM talk about adaptation process implicitly embedded with wellness and illness concepts. Which in NSM depend upon the level of penetration of environmental stressors (Alligood Tomey, 2010) As George (2002) says when client interact with environment produce response to stressor help to adapt or control stressor. Adaptation is process which occurs with the help of line of defense. There are three level defense network laid around the person to protect the penetration of stressors. Among these first outer line is called flexible line of defense (FLD), which provide protection to normal line that is second outer line in case of stressors attack. Lacks of nutrition, fatigue or daily stress are the circumstances that make FLD to come in action. The second line is normal line of defense (NLD) that lies under the protection of FLD symbolize the normal wellness level of the client system. This line is consisting of coping patterns, lifestyle factors, developmental, spiritual, and cult ural matter influences. If the NLD is been attacked by environmental stressors, the LOR are activate to protect the basic structure. (Alligood, 2010). On other hand in Levine model the adaptation is second most central phenomenon of LCM and Levine (1966) states any processes that ascertain stability for life are regard as adaptations and George (2002) highlights that the conservation depend of process of adaption. Successful adaptation promotes health whereas failure of adaption introduces illness. For this situation LCM considers nursing to play role to promote adaptation (Alligood, 2010). Conclusion By comparing the perspective of NSM and LCM it has been learnt that both theorist focus on achievement of health through using uniqueness methodologies. Despite using different concepts and framework, these theories guide for nursing assessment and intervention. Moreover this comparison explains that the NSM is broad and provide rich content for comprehensive assessment and nursing care. On other hand LCM appear with energy conservation focus. From all this it is gained that nurse needs to understand explicit and implicit concepts of theoretical framework to assess and plan efficient nursing interventions.

Consequence of Self Deception

The consequence of self-deception can be disastrous. Self-deception can be defined as a misconception that is favoured to the person who holds it. In an attempt to justify ones behaviour, we often, unknowingly, gloss over or even alter the truth of our past, in order to escape the feelings of guilt, embarrassment, shame, or even to protect the people around us. However, consequently, the act of self-deception can be disastrous, not only for the delinquent, but also for those around them.This is continuously depicted in Tennessee Williams’ play, A Streetcar named Desire, as the protagonist, Blanche Dubois, spins a web of deceitful lies to escape the painful truth of her past. It isn’t only Blanche, however, that find them self a victim of their own self -deception, struggling to free themselves from the strong hold, eventually leading to their disastrous downfall. On the other hand however, as self-deception can be extremely dangerous in certain cases, it can also help a ssist in delaying/preventing disasters from occurring.As such, the act of self-deception can leave ever lasting damage, whilst, for some, preventing it, as they attempt to protect the ones they love. Remembering the past, may often be a painful and traumatic experience, as unpleasant events are recalled. As such, certain individuals may tend to try to fabricate these past events, in order to steer clear of shame or embarrassment, and escape the harsh blows of reality. In Tennessee Williams’ play, A Streetcar named Desire, the protagonist, Blanche Dubois, is depicted in a manner where she comes across as a deceitful liar as she only tells what ‘ought to be the truth’.Blanche is somewhat ashamed of her traumatic past and the ancestor’s epic fornications lead to the loss of the family home in Belle Reve, as well as Blanche, searching for love and affection in strangers. Blanches deception to herself and the people around her, lead to her ultimate tragic downf all as she doesn’t search for realism, she wants magic in her life. Throughout the course of the play, Blanche is convinced and has deceived herself, but not the people around her, and as the light is shun over and her unpleasant past is brought to light, Blanche spirals down, consequently leading to her downfall.In certain circumstances, an individual may attempt to supress or repress an event if it is possibly distasteful to their current reality. By choosing to supress a fraction of the truth in the event, one may hope to simply continue on living in their current reality, forcing themselves to believe what they hope to be real. In Tennessee Williams’ play, A Streetcar names Desire, Stella Kowalski decides to repress her thoughts, when her sister Blanche Dubois informed her of how she was raped by Stella’s husband Stanley.Stella believes that if she does chose to believe what her sister has told her about her husband, Stella cannot continue living in her curr ent reality with Stanley Kowalski. Stella however, decided to continue living a life, with the man she loves whilst having to make her own truth of the story she was told by her sister Blanche. Although, through the act of self-deception, Stella manages to continue on, living the life she loves, with the man that she loves, steering clear of the disaster she may have otherwise faced.

Who Is Lying to Us About Extended Definition Essay Samples?

Who Is Lying to Us About Extended Definition Essay Samples? If you are searching for definition essay examples here's a great one below. Mention the way the definition you were speaking about affected you. As you write your definition, be as specific as possible and comment on whether you think that it is very important to comprehend what love is. Thus, there's not any reason to include things like a dictionary definition. Extended definition essay example is a kind of essay which offers a detailed explanation of a term. Whenever your students write elongated definition essays, they will need to think carefully about the structure and mechanics of their writing in addition to the role of providing such an in depth definition. Also it is crucial to state the most important dictionary definition in your introduction so readers can comprehend the normal meaning from the very start. As stated earlier, you are going to realize that in writing a protracted definition, you must define different terms also. The introduction should have research question. Some terms could be so significant in your report, there can be quite so much confusion about them, or else they could be so hard to understand a lengthened discussion is crucial for the success of your report. Offer some examples and think about why it may be important to get some consensus in regard to how we understand the idea. Give a single exampl e for every one of them. In case you have any comment or suggestion, or need to have more specific info about us, don't hesitate to get in touch with us at 614-389-5866 or browse our site, we'll be delight to hear from you any moment! In general, the time you understand how to structure your extended essay, you can begin writing. You may even benefit from absolutely free revisions to be especially certain of the top quality of work you will receive. To start with, you can select who of our expert group of writers you want to do the job for you. Up in Arms About Extended Definition Essay Samples? For instance, it could be an anecdote or quotation. There's a big number of explanations of the term kindness in addition to its synonyms and antonyms. It seems interesting enough so as a wise student you decide to look it up in the dictionary. Although a meaning might have completely evolved into something different, exactly the same word has ever been around. So send your paper our way to make certain your paper is in its best! Begin to compose your essay today as you have a lot of moment. All you will need is to leave enough time before the deadline to be in a position to finish the essay. Place an order today to receive your definition essay in time. Rephrase the principal regions of the definition and be certain you summed up everything you planned on saying. Today, it's not utilised in such a way anymore. Therefore, a lot of people utilize beauty as something to manage outer appearance in the world today. The place could be huge or little. Needless to say, you may use lengthy essay samples, but you've got to understand main ru If you read the official guidelines about extended essay, it is crucial to take note of it since it's going to completely help you. A definition essay can be complicated to write. Also it might be called a protracted definition essay. Nowadays you know a bit more about how to compose a lengthy definition essay. Body paragraphs First, the expression hipster isn't clearly defined. Your true thesis statement should define the term in your words. As soon as you've brainstormed the parts, you're prepared to make an outline, and after that compose some paragraphs. A suitable topic is a very big step to the exceptional definition essay. A Secret Weapon for Extended Definition Essay Samples Such essay can help to understand a variety of aspects of a certain term and consider them within examples that are easy and actual, like the ones via an everyday life perspective. You should understand the term for you to be simple to define it for others. Since you should elaborate on the word you opt to define, you need to have your own base of knowledge or experience with the concept you pick. Use enough words to clearly show your private opinion, provide some examples from the actual life, and tell the significance of the expression. The others that are attracted to that specific individual only because they feel connected, happy, and comfortable around that individual. Wthout peace and love there's no success. Other folks find respect to be a sort of submission. A perfect instance of the delicate character of trust can be seen in marriage.

Child Labor Essay - 1926 Words

Child Labor Child labor is a pervasive problem throughout the global economy, especially in the markets of developing countries. With over 90% of the total child labor market employed in the rural areas of Asia and Africa largely due to lack of enforcement, it is argued that something has to be done. Although the majority of people are ethically appalled by child labor, and against the exploitation of children, is the worldwide eradication of the worst forms of child labor really a feasible alternative? To answer this question people have to take into account a variety of factors involving both the economic and social costs, as well as have a firm understanding of the situations people are faced with in these underdeveloped†¦show more content†¦With a vast amount of resources and huge demand for finished goods, child labor including the worst forms of bonded labor were used in both the US and UK to produce goods at the lowest possible cost. So to tell governments of impove rished nations to ban the practices that helped make industrialized nations what they are today is counterintuitive. For the US and the UK as well as others have relied on the use of child labor during their time of industrial development. This is a large reason why some third world governments are willing to turn a blind eye to some of the practices going on in their countries. Because there is hope that they too will develop industry by attracting foreign investment with the lure of cheap labor, and one day be able to emerge as an industrialized nation as did the US and the UK. So how does child labor help increase investment, and make children better off? This is a very strong argument for the proponents of child labor. The governments of these countries understand that a child working 14 hours a day in a factory isn’t what is best for that child. But when you consider the alternatives, is working in a factory for less than a dollar a day really making a child or their future worse off? Some would argue no. Primarily because of the economic advantages that can be gained by luring investment with the promise of high profits due to a cheap labor market. Krugman outlines many of the benefits that can come from childShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of Child Labor1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthat â€Å"Globally there are 168 million child laborers, over half of which, 85 million, are in hazardous work conditions† (ILO). Child labor is not a new phenomenon by any means; it has been going on for years and has become a social issue. This paper aims to portray the nature of child labor in India. It looks at the definition of child labor, the prevalence, and factors that lead children to work. Definition Often time people assume that the meaning of child labor is clear-cut. However, there is littleRead MoreChild Labor1885 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Child labor† By Elie Bou Chaaya ENL 110 Section â€Å"D† Miss Zeina Fayyad 18, January, 2008 Outline: Thesis statement: Child labor nowadays is considered to be a social injustice due to its harmful effects on the personal and psychological life of the child where the kinds of work offered to the child increases the amount of these effects regarding the solutions. I. Harmful personal and physical effects of child labor A. Low pay B. Very long work hours C. Forbids childrenRead MoreThe Dilemma Of Childhood And Child Labor837 Words   |  4 PagesChildren in Need The dilemma of childhood and child labor are constantly being argued in overseas and domestic sociological literature. Anthropologists and Sociologists through the time have observed the history and the impact of social institutions on child labor. 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Compare And Contrast When I Heard At The Close Of The Day...

Happiness is sought by many, but what one person defines as happy may differ from what another person defines as happy, and people find this feeling in many different places and ways. In his poems â€Å"When I Heard at the Close of the Day† and â€Å"The Sleepers†, Walt Whitman relates one’s happiness and general well-being to one’s environmental and societal circumstances using literary devices, demonstrating how people’s surroundings can positively or negatively influence their mood. In both â€Å" When I Heard at the Close of the Day† and â€Å"The Sleepers†, Whitman relates happiness to environmental and societal factors using imagery, repetition and contrast. In â€Å"When I Heard at the Close of the Day†, Whitman uses literary devices such as contrast and†¦show more content†¦Additionally, when Whitman is happy, it tends to be daytime or close to it, for he speaks of how he â€Å"rose at dawn from the bed of perfect health† and other similar things, contrasting with night, which seems to be linked to dissatisfaction. Finally, there is a motif of nature throughout the poem, which also has a positive influence on Whitman’s joyousness, for when he â€Å"inhale[s] the ripe breath of autumn†, â€Å"wander[s] alone over the beach..laughing with the cool waters† and lays in the â€Å"autumn moonbeams†, he is happy, which is shown with words like â€Å"laughing† and with the generally joyous, relaxed tone. Overall, in â€Å"When I Heard at the Close of the Day†, Whitman’s happiness is positively influenced by nature, being with people who truly care about him and daytime, a nd it is negatively influenced by nighttime and only being recognized for trivial accomplishments by those who do not truly know him. In â€Å"The Sleepers†, Whitman relates his happiness, and more specifically his well-being, to societal and environmental factors through repetition, imagery and contrast. In the poem, he repeats several words, specifically sleep, dream, night and beautiful. Sleep and night are repeatedShow MoreRelatedLiterary Terms3784 Words   |  16 Pagesof culture. An example is Sandra Cisneros Straw into Gold, which is an allusion to the folktale about Rumpelstiltskin. Example: I have seen my head . . . brought in upon a platter is an allusion to the execution of St. John the Baptist. Example: In the room women come and go, talking of Michelangelo is an allusion the famous artist Michelangelo. 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Psy 535 Free Essays

Multicultural research methodologies are one of the newest research fields to be implemented in recent decades. Traditional research methodology has been established for centuries, and has a very orthodox view of things like norms, measurement instruments, sampling, and observation. Multicultural researchers quickly found out that applying these same factors to their own research was inappropriate; the field of multicultural research demanded a different perspective if any sort of useful and accurate findings were ever going to be issued. We will write a custom essay sample on Psy 535 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two areas where there is great difference between multicultural research and traditional research are measurement instruments and norms. In these two areas it is easy to demonstrate how traditional research has a much easier time being performed with the standard and well established concepts involving measurement instruments and norms. However, when a multicultural researcher attempts to answer a question or reinforce a hypothesis he or she will quickly find out that they must perform their research in a way that is very different from those in the traditional field. Measurement instruments are an excellent place to begin looking at the way multicultural and traditional research methodologies contrast. As the world becomes increasingly globalized and corporations begin to operate in many different countries encompassing different and diverse cultures, there is a clear need for accurate multicultural research on a myriad of topics. Even simple surveys like product satisfaction are more difficult for a multicultural researcher. Various countries and populaces simply have different viewpoints and this can cause entire research designs to have to be suited to specific nations, or even specific populations within those nations. For example, traditional researchers have found that it can be extremely difficult to get individuals in Latin America to participate in one of traditional researchers move time honored measurement devices; the focus group. (Morrow, 231) In contrast, many American citizens are quite receptive to the idea of participating in a focus group, a well-established fact known to most multicultural as well as traditional researchers. Those who are educated in multicultural research methods understand that Latin Americans have a very different point of view when it comes to how they value their time. For the average Latin American the idea of participating in a focus group is a waste of time that could be better spent doing almost anything else. The list of research measurement instruments that must be altered depending on the culture being sampled is almost endless. Mail surveys, another common tactic employed by traditional researchers to gauge opinion on a host of different topics have been found to be very inefficient with Americans and many Westerners in general. (Morrow, 256) Multicultural researchers have found that, through careful studies, other cultures are much more receptive to mail surveys. The Japanese, for instance, are much more likely to complete and return a survey mailed to them in comparison to the average American household who would likely discard the survey as â€Å"junk mail†. Morrow, 257) This is not to suggest that either culture is wrong for their treatment of this particular research instrument; rather, it simply highlights that people thousands of miles apart have vastly different cultural experiences that will shape their views on the importance of everything, including whether or not a mail survey is worth their time. An informed multicultural researcher would be wise to employ the mail survey when he or she is doing their work in Japan, just like a researcher working in the United States would achieve much better results by utilizing focus groups. Traditional researchers might very well plod ahead and send out thousands of mail surveys to Americans, knowing that they will receive a small percentage back. However, if these researchers were to pay closer attention to the cultural aspect of the research, they would be able to conduct their inquiries in a more efficient way, both in terms of money spent and answers received. A second area that holds great potential as a way to compare and contrast multicultural and traditional research methodologies is norms. Traditional researchers usually work with a well-established set of norms that rarely fluctuates. Gottfried, 117) Multicultural researchers operate in a much different environment. For those looking to perform a study or experiment that focuses on the impact of culture, they must pay very close attention to the individuals who they are surveying and how the norms for those people can be very different from the norms of others sampled. An example of this would be a multicultur al researcher attempting to study the public’s view of single-payer healthcare, as many liberals have suggested is a good idea for implementation in the United States. A researcher could ask a series of targeted questions to a group of Americans, but without considering their cultural leanings, the research would be inherently flawed. A fourth generation American of European descent will have rather â€Å"mainstream† views of the topic, which will contrast greatly with a first generation Canadian immigrant. (Gottfried, 112) The cultural norms for each of these groups will be very different, which will end up in them answering the question differently or, even if they answer the same, for different reasons. A traditional researcher would not pay very much attention to this issue, and would likely state that an American is an American, and that with a large enough sample size they would arrive at the correct diagnosis of the public’s point of view regarding the topic. Those who are involved with multicultural research know that by passing over the deep cultural divides that exist between most American citizens, the research would be virtually worthless. In conclusion, multicultural research and traditional research have much in common, but differ on some very important points. Two of these points are the relevance of norms and measurement instruments. Multicultural researchers will work much harder to get a better understanding of their respondent’s culture before asking questions and conducting other research. This ensures that the reasons behind their answers are known, which equal a more comprehensive research design. Measurement tools and their impact differ between the two research methods as well. Multicultural researchers pay close attention to the culture they are sampling, and employ research instruments that are the most likely to garner results. Traditional researchers are much more likely to use a blunt research tool, and use it over and over again until they achieve the necessary amount of responses. Both research methodologies have their place, and both will continue to benefit from the others perspective. Works Cited Morrow, Susan L. (2001) â€Å"Qualitative research methods for multicultural counseling: Handbook of multicultural counseling† Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications Gottfried, Paul Edward. (2002) â€Å"Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt: Toward a Secular Theocracy,† University of Missouri How to cite Psy 535, Papers

Saving Private Ryan Reflection Questions free essay sample

Yes, General Marshall should have made the decision to rescue Private Ryan because he spared Mrs. Ryan from heartbreak. She had already lost three of her sons to the war and no mother deserves to lose all of her sons in war. 2-The US made the right decision in sending men in on D-Day because in war it is necessary to keep advancing and continue on with fighting even if it means men will lose their lives. A con to the invasion was that many men lost their lives but a pro way it was a surprise attack. The Germans expected an attack on a different beach, even though they had prepared the beaches of Normandy for fighting. 3-Captain Miller’s decision to stop and storm the radar tower was a very courageous thing to do, it showed that he was not only there to complete his mission of saving Private Ryan but also to win the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Saving Private Ryan Reflection Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He risked his own life and the lives of his men to aid his country in winning the war. Even if he has know the outcome I do not believe he would have done things differently because he said it if losing one man’s life meant he saved many others lives it was worth it. Captian Miller has many characteristics of a leader; he was very intelligent and was able to use self-control to make good decisions. Miller led his men by example and was very brave and honorable; he had an incredible ability to persevere in any mission he was assigned. Miller was very courageous and always tried to make decisions that would help to end the war. Captain Miller was a teacher back home and this occupation contributed to his leadership abilities because it allowed him to keep his composure and even when he was nervous or scared he never showed his fear to his men. The role of medics was often the most difficult because medics were medics were classified as non-combatants and were not supposed to be fired upon, but they were targeted by the enemy because they did not want the medics giving aid to the wounded. 6-The mission of the men was to find Private Ryan and bring him home to his mother. The war was to take down and defeat the Germans. This specific mission was not one that would directly help win the war, but a mission to help a grieving mother. It is important to save the one remaining member of a family and it is not right to use military strategies that might kill entire families. It is not right to kill entire families because although the goal is to win the war, no innocent civilian deserves to die from a military strategy. 8- â€Å"Just know, every man I kill the further away from home I feel. † Captain Miller was saying that killing changes people and no matter the reason for killing, it changes a person forever. He is saying that every man he kills takes him further away from the man he was before the war â€Å"Gripes go up, they don’t go down. This quote by Captain Miller is about how Miller never complains to his men and this is because he complains to his superiors and his men complain to him. This idea is a part of the chain of command. â€Å"I have always believed that the mission comes before the man, and this time the mission is the man. †: This quote by Captain Miller is about how the mission is to save Private Ryan, and how he will do anything to complete his mission even if it means sacrifice his own life or the lives of his men. Private Jackson, the sniper who quoted scripture before he shot someone: It was ironic that Private Jackson was quoting scripture right before he took a man’s life but it is understandable because he was just doing is job and trying to stay alive. Jackson’s job was to protect his men and in order for him to do his job he used God’s help and even though he was killing men he was doing it to protect his own life. Private Mellish, the Jewish soldier who taunted the German POWs: Private Mellish had the right to taunt the German POWs because they were the men who were responsible for the death of so many Jewish people. Mellish is very brave and in taunting the POWs he was standing up for his religion and opposing wrongful killing based on religion. 10-Yes, it was fair for Captain Miller to tell Private Ryan to earn it because Miller knows he is dying and he sacrificed his life to win the war and save Private Ryan. He is saying that Ryan has to earn his trip home and to live a fulfilling life that is worthy of all the lives that were sacrificed to rescue him.